Why does romania have a low birth rate

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Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Download references. This paper is based on the study conducted by Alexandra-Andreea Ciritel as part of her final thesis of the European Doctoral School of Demography, school year —, Rome, supervisor Alessandra De Rose.

A preliminary version of this paper has been read by Maria Rita Testa. We warmly thank her and the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

She is responsible for the idea and the main body of the work. ADR supervised the theoretical framework and empirical approach. MFA supervised the statistical analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Correspondence to Alessandra De Rose. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Ciritel, AA. Childbearing intentions in a low fertility context: the case of Romania. Genus 75, 4 Download citation. Received : 31 March Accepted : 25 November Published : 18 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract This paper applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour TPB to find out the predictors of fertility intentions in Romania, a low-fertility country. Introduction In the s, the period total fertility rate TFR dropped below the replacement level in many European countries.

Footnote 1 Based on value change studies, Romania is part of the ex-Soviet bloc of countries with a low post-materialistic index Inglehart ; Inglehart and Welzel ; Sobotka ; Voicu The TPB and fertility intentions Theoretical considerations The TPB is a socio-psychological model that allows the studying of decision-making processes which account for intentional behaviours. Key research in the field Several scholars who used the TPB have underlined the importance of studying the determinants of reproductive intention within the fertility decision-making context.

Research questions We apply a simplified version of the TPB model in order to estimate the effects of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control factors on the intention to have a first or second child in Romania, following the approach proposed by Dommermuth et al. Scheme 1. Simplified model of fertility decision-making based on TPB.

Full size image. Methods and model specification The GGS provides measurements of attitudes, perceived norms and perceived behavioural control towards having a child derived from the TPB. Table 1 Factor loadings of items for attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control for childless respondents Full size table.

Table 2 Factor loadings of items for attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control for one-child respondents Full size table.

Results Descriptive results Table 3 shows the statistics of the covariates by parity context. Table 3 Means, standard errors and percentages of descriptive statistics by parity context of the variables used in the study Full size table.

Table 4 Effects of factors from the theory of planned behaviour, objective measures of control and background demographic variables for childless individuals and one-child parents Full size table. Discussion and conclusions This paper enlists the Theory of Planned Behaviour to improve the understanding of how childless individuals and one-child parents form their childbearing intentions. Notes 1. References Ajzen, I. Article Google Scholar Ajzen, I. Google Scholar Ajzen, I.

Article Google Scholar Albarracin, D. Article Google Scholar Andridge, R. Google Scholar Baglin, J. Google Scholar Bankier, M. Google Scholar Berelson, B. Article Google Scholar Billari, F. Google Scholar Billari, F. Google Scholar Bodogai, S. Article Google Scholar Castiglioni, M. Google Scholar Conner, M. Article Google Scholar Dommermuth, L. Google Scholar Enders, C. Google Scholar Field, A. Google Scholar Frejka, T. Google Scholar Gaskin, J. Google Scholar Goldstein, J. Article Google Scholar Greaves, M.

Google Scholar Hoem, J. Google Scholar Holgado-Tell, F. Google Scholar Inglehart, R. Article Google Scholar Karlsson, J. Google Scholar Kearney, M. Article Google Scholar Klobas, J. Google Scholar Klobas, J. Google Scholar Lefebvre, H. Google Scholar Lefter, C. Compared with January-February , the natural decrease of population accelerated by 18 percent this year. Compared with , the natural decrease of population accelerated by 33 percent in Read more about Mihai Gavan TotalSoft returns to the futureofwork read more.

Romania registered , births and , deaths in , compared with , births and , deaths in Large impact on economy. Romania had Agricultural mechanization has provided labor to support industrialization in the past.

Future increases will emphasize irrigation and soil improvement rather than mechanization. The Romanian government has established 6 new laws to stimulate population growth. The situation was so dramatic, he says, that virtually whole towns in the hardest-affected regions emptied. This period came to an end because of the economic crisis that hit Italy and Spain hard and because Romania joined the EU at the beginning of Since then, says Anghel, approximately one million have left.

Initially nine of the then 26 EU countries imposed transitional labour restrictions but these have since been lifted. It is hard to work out precise figures for the numbers abroad, however. The age of cheap travel means that there is a lot of circular migration — for example men going for three months to work in a slaughterhouse in Germany, returning home for a few months and then leaving again, or women going to care for the elderly in Italy for similar short term contracts.

One ongoing issue is that of families where one or both parents are abroad and which can have deep and negative effects on the children left behind.

In , there were 95, children with parents working abroad, some 34 per cent of them with both parents abroad. Today the situation is changing again. In , people sent back remittances of 6. In other words, for the country as a whole, while emigration initially helped resolve the problem of unemployment and played a significant role in reducing poverty for those left behind, as Romania has become richer, the problems of skills and labour shortages have emerged and remittances are less important to the country as a whole.